Selected Bibliography

(2001). "Prevention: How to Stop Girls from Starting." National Women's Health Report 23(4): 7.

(2001). "Marketing tobacco: Targeting girls." National Women's Health Report 23(4): 5.

(2001). "Prevention: How to stop girls from starting." National Women's Health Report 23(4): 7.

(2003). Mo. Teens Aware of Addictiveness of Nicotine, Smoke Anyway, Join Together Online. 2003.

AdWeek (1999). Crispin Porter & Bogusky: Florida Anti-Tobacco. AdWeek: 8A.

Agazio, J. (2000). Active and passive smoking in military women. Bethesda, MD, United States Army Nursing Corps - TriService Nursing Research Program: 28.

Ahijevych, K., P. Kuun, et al. (2003). "Beliefs About Tobacco Among Appalachian Current and Former Users." Applied Nursing Research 16(2): 93-102.

Ajzen, I. (1988). Attitudes, personality and behavior. Milton Keynes, UK, Open University Press.

Ajzen, I. (2001). "Nature and operation of attitutes." Annual Review of Psychology 52: 27-58.

Ajzen, I. and M. Fishbein (1977). "Attitude-behavior relations: A theorectical analysis and review of empirical research." Psychological Bulletin 84(5): 888-918.

Ajzen, I. and M. Fishbein (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall.

Ajzen, I. and C. Timko (1986). "Correspondence between health attitudes and behavior." Journal of Basic and Applied Psychology 7: 259-276.

Albrecht, S. A., B. Cassidy, et al. (1999). "Developing guidelines for smoking cessation interventions for pregnant adolescents." Journal of Pediatric Nursing 14(3): 150-6.

Albrecht, S. A., L. W. Higgins, et al. (2000). "Knowledge about the deleterious effects of smoking and its relationship to smoking cessation among pregnant adolescents." Adolescence 35(140): 709-16.

Albrecht, S. A., M. D. Reynolds, et al. (1999). "A comparison of saliva cotinine, carbon monoxide levels, and self-report as indicators of smoking cessation in the pregnant adolescent." Journal of Addictions Nursing 11(3): 93-101.

Alexander, C. S., P. Allen, et al. (1999). "Taking a first puff: Cigarette smoking experiences among ethnically diverse adolescents." Ethnicity & Health 4(4): 245-57.

Allen, J. A., D. Vallone, et al. (2003). "Tobacco Use Among Middle and High School Students --- United States, 2002." Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 52(45): 1096-98.

Altman, D. G., D. W. Levin, et al. (1996). "Tobacco Promotion and Susceptibility to Tobacco Use Among Adolescents Aged 12 through 17 Years in a Nationally Representative Sample." American Journal of Public Health 86(11): 1590-3.

Anderson, C. A. (1983). "Motivational and performance deficits in interpersonal settings: The effect of attributional style." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45: 1136-1147.

Anderson, R. B. (1995). "Cognitive appraisal of performance capability in the prevention of drunken driving: A test of self-efficacy theory." Journal of Public Relations Research 7(3): 205-229.

Andreasen, A. R. (1994). "Social marketing: definition and domain." Journal of Marketing and Public Policy(Spring): 108-114.

Andreasen, A. R. (1995). Marketing social change. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass.

Andreasen, A. R. (1997). Challenges for the science and practice of social marketing. Social marketing: Theoretical and  practical perspectives. M. E. Goldberg, M. Fishbein and S. E. Middlestadt. Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

AP (2003). Youth leads way online. Columbia Daily Tribune. Washington, D.C.: 1.

Ashley, M. J., J. Cohen, et al. (1998). "Smoking in the home: Changing attitudes and current practices." American Journal of Public Health 88(5): 797-800.

Atkin, C. K. (2001). Theory and principles of media health campaigns. Public Communication Campaigns. R. E. Rice and C. K. Atkin. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Pulications: 49-68.

Audrain-McGovern, J., K. P. Tercyak, et al. (2003). "Which Adolescents Are Most Receptive to Tobacco Industry Marketing? Implications for Counter-Advertising Campaigns." Health Communication 15(4): 499-513.

Baker, S. M. and R. E. Petty (1994). "Majority and minority influence: Source-position imbalance as a determinant of message scrutiny." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67: 5-19.

Balch, G. I. (1998). "Exploring Perceptions of Smoking Cessation Among High School Smokers: Input and Feedback from Focus Groups." Preventive Medicine 27(5): A55-63.

Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall.

Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thoughts and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall.

Banks, S. M., P. Salovey, et al. (1995). "The effects of message framing on mammography utilization." Health Psychology 14: 178-184.

Barnett, T., J. O'Loughlin, et al. (1997). "Reliability of proxy reports of parental smoking by elementary schoolchildren." Annals of Epidemiology 7(6): 396-9.

Bates, C. J., M. A. Mansoor, et al. (2002). "Correlates of plasma homocysteine, cysteine and cysteinyl-glycine in respondents in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey of Young People Aged 4-18 Years, and a comparison with the survey of people aged 65 years and over." British Journal of Nutrition 87(1): 71-9.

Bauman, K. E., J. D. Brown, et al. (1988). "Three media campaigns to prevent adolescent cigarette smoking." Preventive Medicine 17(5): 510-530.

Bauman, K. E., S. T. Ennett, et al. (2001). "Correlates of participation in a family-directed tobacco and alcohol prevention program for adolescents." Health Education & Behavior 28(4): 440-61.

Baumann, L. J. and H. Leventhal (1985). ""I can tell when my blood pressure is up, can't I?"" Health Psychology 4: 203-218.

Beatty, S. (1998). Tobacco Pact Pays to Combat Teen Smoking. Wall Street Journal. New York City: B1.

Beaudoin, C. E. (2002). "Exploring antismoking ads: Appeals, Themes, and Consequences." Journal of Health Communication 7: 123-137.

Becker, T. E., E. M. Rogers, et al. (1992). Designing health communication campaign: What works? Newbury Park, CA, Sage.

Beeber, S. J. (1996). "Parental smoking and childhood asthma." Journal of Pediatric Health Care 10(2): 58-62.

Beggan, J. K. (1994). "The preference for gain frames in consumer decision making." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 24: 1407-1427.

Bhattacharya, G., C. Cleland, et al. (1999). "Peer networks, parental attributes, and drug use among Asian-Indian adolescents born in the United States." Journal of Immigrant Health 1(3): 145-54.

Biener, L. (2002). "Anti-tobacco advertisements by Massachusetts and Philip Morris: what teenagers think." Tobacco Control 11(Suppl2): II43-II46.

Biener, L. and M. Siegel (2000). "Tobacco marketing and adolescent smoking: More support for a casual inference." American Journal of Public Health 90(3): 407-11.

Bjarnason, T., A. G. Davidaviciene, et al. (2003). "Family structure and adolescent cigarette smoking in eleven European countries." Addiction 98(6): 815-24.

Black, D. R., E. A. Loftus, et al. (1993). "Smoking cessation interventions for university students: Recruitment and program design considerations based on social marketing theory." Preventive Medicine 22(3): 388-99.

Block, L. G. and P. A. Keller (1995). "When to accentuate the negative: The effects of perceived efficacy and message framing on intentions to perform a health-related behavior." Journal of Marketing Research 32: 192-203.

Bolls, P. D., A. Lang, et al. (2001). "The effects of message valence and listener arousal on attention, memory, and facial muscular responses to radio advertisements." Communication Research 28(5): 627-651.

Borawski, E. A., C. E. Ievers-Landis, et al. (2003). "Parental monitoring, negotiated unsupervised time, and parental trust: the role of perceived parenting practices in adolescent health risk behaviors." Journal of Adolescent Health 33(2): 60-70.

Boster, F. J. and P. A. Mongeau (1984). Fear-arousing persuasive messages. Communication yearbook. R. Bostrom. Beverly Hills, CA, Sage. 8: 330-375.

Botvin, G. J. (1998). Preventing drug abuse through the schools: intervention programs that work. National Conference on Drug Abuse Prevention Research, Marriott at Metro Center, Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Botvin, G. J., E. Baker, et al. (1995). "Long-term follow-up results of a randomized drug abuse prevention trial in a white middle-class population." Journal of the American Medical Association 273(14): 1106-1112.

Botvin, G. J., I. Baker, et al. (1992). "Correlates and predictors of smoking among black adolescents." Addictive Behaviors 17(2): 97-103.

Botvin, G. J., L. Dusenbury, et al. (1992). "Smoking prevention among urban minority youth: assessing effects on outcome and mediating variables." Health Psychology 11(5): 290-299.

Botvin, G. J., J. A. Epstein, et al. (1997). "School-based drug abuse prevention with inner-city minority youth." Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 6(1): 5-19.

Bower, G. H. (1981). "Mood and memory." American Psychologist 36: 129-148.

Boyd, B. and A. Wandersman (1991). "Predicting undergraduate condoms use with the Fishbein and Ajzen and the Triandis attitude-behavior models: Implications for public health interventions." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 21: 1810-1830.

Boyle, R. G., J. Stedman, et al. (1995). "Availability of smokeless tobacco to underage youth in two Minnesota communities." Health Values 19(5): 10-16.

Brandon, T. H. and T. B. Baker (1991). "The Smoking Consequences Questionnaire: The subjective expected utility of smoking in college students." Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 3: 484-491.

Brendl, C. M., E. T. Higgins, et al. (1995). "Sensitivity to varying gains and losses: The role of self-discrepancies and event framing." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69: 1028-1051.

Bricker, J. B., B. G. Leroux, et al. (2003). "Nine-year prospective relationship between parental smoking cessation and children's daily smoking." Addiction 98(5): 585-93.

Bricker, J. B., B. G. Leroux, et al. (2003). "Parental smoking cessation and children's smoking response to three insightful commentaries." Addiction 98(5): 598-9.

Brown, J. D., K. E. Bauman, et al. (1990). "A validity problem in measuring exposure to mass media campaigns." Health Education Quarterly 17(3): 299-306.

Brown, J. D. and K. Walsh-Childers (1994). Effects of media on personal and public health. Media effects: Advances in theory and research. J. Bryant and D. Zillmann. Hillsdale, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: 389-416.

Brown, M. L. (2001). "The effects of environmental tobacco smoke on children: Information and implications for PNPs." Journal of Pediatric Health Care 15(6): 280-6.

Brownson, R. C., T. M. DiLorenzo, et al. (1990). "Patterns of cigarette and smokeless tobacco use among children and adolescents." Preventive Medicine 1990: 170-180.

Brubaker, R. G., D. M. Prue, et al. (1987). "Determinants of disulfiram acceptance among alcohol patients: A test of theory of reasoned action." Addictive Behaviors 12: 43-51.

Bruce, K. E., J. C. Shrum, et al. (1990). "Students' attitudes about AIDS, homosexuality, and condoms." AIDS Education and Prevention 2: 220-234.

Brudenell, I. (1997). "A grounded theory of protecting recovery during transition to motherhood." American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 23(3): 453-466.

Brull, S. V. (1999). For All That Tobacco Money, Don't Stint on the Smoking War. Business Week: 40.

Buller, D. B., W. G. Woodall, et al. (2001). A Web-based smoking cessation and prevention program for children age 12-15. Public Communication Campaigns. R. E. Rice and C. K. Atkin. Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications: 357-372.

Caburnay, C. A., M. W. Kreuter, et al. (2003). "The News on Health Behavior: Coverage of Diet, Activity, and Tobacco in Local Newspapers." Health Education & Behavior.

Cacioppo, J. T. and R. E. Petty (1982). "The need for cognition." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42: 116-131.

Cacioppo, J. T. and C. A. Sandman (1981). Psychophsyiological functioning, cognitive responding, and attitudes. Cognitive responses in persuasiveness. R. E. Petty, T. M. Ostrom and T. C. Brock. Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum.

Cameron, G. T. (1997). The Contingency Theory of Conflict Management in Public Relations. Norwegian Information Service, Oslo, Norway.

Cameron, G. T. and D. A. Frieske (1994). The Time Needed to Answer: Measurement of Memory Response Latency. Measures of the Psychological Processing of Television. A. Lang. Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum.

Cameron, G. T., B. A. Hollander, et al. (1996). "Assessing the Potential of a Full-Featured Electronic Newspaper for the Young Adult Market." Media Management Review: 15-28.

Cameron, G. T. and J. Yang (1991). "The Effect of Support and Personal Distance on the Definition of Key Publics for the Issue of AIDS." Journalism Quarterly 68(4).

Cancel, A. E., G. T. Cameron, et al. (1997). "It Depends: A Contingency Theory of Accomodation in Public Relations." Journal of Public Relations Research 9(1).

Cancel, A. E., M. A. Mitrook, et al. (1999). "Testing the Contingency Theory of Accomodation in Public Relations." Public Relations Review 25(2): 171-197.

Caplin, D., J. K. Austin, et al. (2002). "Development of a self-efficacy scale for children and adolescents with epilepsy." Children's Health Care 31(4): 295-309.

Carvajal, S. C., D. E. Wiatrek, et al. (2000). "Psychosocial determinants of the onset and escalation of smoking: cross-sectional and prospective findings in multiethnic middle school samples." Journal of Adolescent Health 27(4): 225-65.

Carver, V., B. Reinert, et al. (2003). "Media campaign influences parents' opinions about their children and tobacco." Journal of public Health Management & Practice 9(1): 72-8.

Case, T. (1996). Coping with rising costs. Editor & Publisher. 129: 12-20.

CDC (1994). "Medical-care expenditures attributable to cigarette smoking - United States, 1993." MMWR 43(26): 469-72.

CDC (1994). "Cigarette smoking among adults - United States, 1993." MMWR 43(50): 925-30.

CDC (1994). Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA, CDC, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health.

CDC (1996). "Projected smoking-related deaths among youth - United States." MMWR 45(44): 971-4.

CDC (1997). "Smoking-attributal mortality and years of potential life lost - United States, 1984." MMWR 46(20): 441-51.

CDC (1998). Tobacco use among high school students--United States, 1997. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 47: 229-233.

CDC (1999). Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs. Atlanta, GA, CDC - National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health.

CDC (1999). "Framework for program evaluation in public health practice." MMWR 48(RR-11): 1-40.

CDC (2000). "Youth tobacco surveillance - United States, 1998-1999." MMWR 49(SS-10): 1-93.

CDC, C. f. D. C. a. P. (2000). "State-Specific Prevalence of Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adults in the United States, 2000." Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 49(43): 978-981.

Chaiken, S., A. Liberman, et al. (1989). Heuristic and systematic information processing within and beyond the persuasion context. Unintended thoughts. J. S. Uleman and J. A. Bargh. New York, Guilford Press: 212-242.

Chapin, J. R. (2000). "Third-person perception and optimistic bias among urban minority at-risk youth." Communication Research 27(1): 51-81.

Charmaz, K. (2000). Grounded theory: Objectivist and constructivist methods. Handbook of qualitative research. N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln. Thousand Oaks, California, Sage.

Chen, H., S. D. Horner, et al. (1999). Exploration of the influence of self-efficacy and decisional balance on Taiwanese children's smoking acquisition. Austin, TX, University of Texas at Austin: 187.

Chen, H., S. D. Horner, et al. (2002). "Validation of the smoking self-efficacy survey for Taiwanese children." Journal of Nursing Scholarship 34(1): 33-7.

Chen, H., S. D. Horner, et al. (2003). "Cross-cultural Validation of the Stages of the Tobacco Acquisition Questionnaire and the Decisional Balance Scale." Research in Nursing and Health 26(3): 233-43.

Cheng, I.-H. and G. T. Cameron (2003). Young Smokers' Cognitive and Affective Responses to Gain-framed and Loss-framed Antismoking Message: A Think Aloud Protocol Study. International Communication Association, San Diego.

Cheng, I.-H. and G. Leshner (2003). The Effects of Frame, Appeal, and Arousal of Antismoking Messages on Attention and Memory. International Communication Association.

Chopak, J. S., J. R. Vicary, et al. (1998). "Predicting alcohol and tobacco use in a sample of rural adolescents." American Journal of Health Behavior 22(5): 334-41.

Christensen, C., P. S. Heckerling, et al. (1995). "Pervasiveness of framing effects among physicians and medical students." Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 8: 169-180.

Christophersen, E. R. and J. E. Gyular (1981). "Parental compliance with car seat usage: A positive approach with long term follow-up." Journal of Pediatric Psychology 6: 301-312.

Cioffi, D. (1991). "Beyond attentional strategies: A cognitive-perceptual model of somatic interpretation." Psychological Bulletin 109: 25-41.

Cioffi, D. (1991). "Asymmetry of doubt in medical self-diagnosis: The ambiguity of "uncertain wellness"." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62: 969-980.

Cioffi, D. (1994). "When good news is bad news: Medical wellness as a nonevent in undergraduates." Health Psychology 13: 63-72.

Clark, L. A. and D. Watson (1995). "Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development." Psychological Assessment 7(3): 309-319.

Clark, L. F. (1994). Social cognition and health psychology. Handbook of social cognition. R. S. J. Wyer and T. K. Srull. Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum. 2: 239-288.

Clark, P. I., A. Scarisbrick-Hauser, et al. (1999). "Anti-tobacco socialization in homes in African-American and White parents, and smoking and nonsmoking parents." Journal of Adolescent Health 24(5): 329-39.

Cline, R. J. and K. M. Haynes (2001). "Consumer health information seeking on the Internet: The State of the Art." Health Education Research 16(6): 671-92.

CME, C. f. M. E. (1998). Tobacco target at youth on the Internet: An update. Washington, D. C., Center for Media Education.

CME, C. f. M. E. (1999). Youth access to alcohol and tobacco Web marketing: The filtering and rating dabate. Washington, D.C., Center for Media Education: 135.

CNETNews (1997). Site skirt age limits, study says. 2001.

Coleman, C.-L. (1993). "The influence of mass media and interpersonal communication on societal and personal risk judgments." Communication Research 20(4): 611-628.

Coleman, R. and E. Thorson (2002). "The effects of news stories that put crime and violence into context: Testing the public health model of reporting." Journal of Health Communication 7: 401-425.

Coleman-Wallace, D., J. W. Lee, et al. (1999). "Evaluation of developmentally appropriate programs for adolescent tobaco cessation." Journal of School Health 69(8): 314-9.

Coleman-Wallace, D., J. W. Lee, et al. (2001). "Evaluation of school-based adolescent tobacco cessation programs." The Prevention Researcher 8(2): 14-16.

Collins, G. (1995). Companies sue to prevent control of cigarette sales. New York Times.

Comerci, G. D., P. G. Fuller, et al. (1997). "Keeping adolescents health, part 1: Cigarettes, drugs, alcohol & teens...four-part series." Patient Care 31(4): 56-60.

Cook, A. K. and P. Starzyk (2000). "County variation in the rate of smoking for teen mothers." American Journal of Health Behavior 24(5): 379-86.

Cooper, H. and M. Findley (1982). "Expected effect sizes: Estimates for statistical power analysis in social psychology." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 8: 168-173.

Copeland, A. L., T. H. Bradon, et al. (1995). "The Smoking Consequences Questionnaire-Adult: Measurement of smoking outcome expectancies of experienced smokers." Psychological Assessment 7: 484-494.

Covello, V., D. von Winterfeldt, et al. (1986). "Risk communication: A review of the literature." Risk Abstracts 3: 171-182.

Covello, V. T. (1992). Risk Communication: An emerging area of health communication research. Communication yearbook. J. A. Anderson. 15: 359-373.

Cresswell, J. W. (1998 ). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, California, Sage.

Cronbach, L. J. and P. E. Meehl (1955). "Construct validity in psychological tests." Psychological Bulletin 52(4): 281-302.

Curry, S. J., E. J. Ludman, et al. (2003). "Pediatric-based smoking cessation intervention for low-income women: A randomized trial." Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 157(3): 295-302.

Dalton, M., J. Sargent, et al. (1999). "Positive and Negative Outcome Expectations of Smoking: Implications for Prevention." Preventive Medicine 29(6): 460 (6 pages).

Davis, R. M. (1998). "Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke: Identfying and protecting those at risk." JAMA 280(22): 1947-9.

de Vries, H. (1995). "Socio-economic difference in smoking: Dutch adolescents' belief and behaviour." Social Science and Medicine 41(3): 419-24.

Dejong, W. and C. K. Atkin (1995). "A review of national television PSA campaign for preventing alcohol-impaired driving, 1987-1992." Journal of Public Health Policy Spring: 59-80.

Denniston, R. W. (1981). Cancer knowledge, attitudes, and practices among Black Americans. Cancer among Black populations. C. Metlin and G. P. Murphy. New York, Alan R. Liss.

Denscombe, M. (2001). "Critical incidents and the perception of health risks: the experiences of young people in relation to their use of alcohol and tobacco." Health , Risk & Society 3(3): 293-306.

Deosaransingh, K., C. Moreno, et al. (1995). "Acculturation and smoking in Latino youth." Health Values 19(3): 43-52.

Detweiler, J. B., B. T. Bedell, et al. (1999). "Message framing and sunscreen use: gain-framed messages motivate beach-goers." Health Psychology 18(2): 189-193.

Devine, C. M., M. Connors, et al. (1998). "Life-course influences on fruit and vegetable trajectories: qualitative analysis of food choices." Journal of Nutrition Education 30(16): 361.

Devonport, C. (1996). "Growing up in smoke." Practice Nurse 11(4): 235-6, 238, 240.

Dewan, N., L. Wood, et al. (2002). "Breast-feeding knowledge and attitudes of teenage mothers in Liverpool." Journal of Human Nutrition & Dietetics 15(1): 33-7.

DHHS, U. S. D. o. H. a. H. S. (1998). Youth risk behavior survey 1997 CD ROM. Atalanta, GA, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Adolescent and School Health.

DHSS (2003). Missouri 2003 Youth Tobacco Survey, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services  (DHSS): 3.

Dillard, J. P. (1994). "Rethinking the study of fear appeals." Communication Theory 4: 295-323.

Dillard, J. P. and E. Peck (2001). "Persuasion and the structure of affect dual systems and discrete emotions as complementary models." Human Communication Research 27(1): 38-68.

Dino, G. A., K. A. Horn, et al. (2001). "Statewide demonstration of Not on Tobacco: A gender-sensitive teen smoking cessation program." Journal of School Nursing 17(2): 90-7.

Distefan, J. M., E. A. Gilpin, et al. (1998). "Parental influences predict adolescent smoking in the United States, 1989-1993." Journal of Adolescent Health 22(6): 466-74.

Donohew, L., E. P. Lorch, et al. (1991). Sensation seeking and targeting of televised anti-drug PSAs. Persuasive communication and drug abuse prevention. L. Donohew, H. E. Sypher and W. J. Bukkoski. Hillsade, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum: 209-226.

Donohew, L., R. Zimmerman, et al. (2000). "Sensation seeking, impulsive decision-making, and risky sex: Implications for risk-taking and design of interventions." Journal of Personality and Individual Differences 28: 1079-1091.

Donovan, R. J., C. D. Holman, et al. (1997). "Face-to-face household interviews versus telephone interviews for health surveys." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 21(2): 134-40.

Dorfman, L., E. Thorson, et al. (2001). "Reporting on violence: Brining a public health perspective into the newsroom." Health Education & Behavior 28(4): 402-419.

Dorfman, L., K. Woodruff, et al. (1997). "Youth and violence on local television news in California." American Journal of Public Health 87(8): 1311-1316.

Douglas, M. (1985). Risk acceptability according to the social sciences. New York, Russell Sage Foundation.

Dunegan, K. J. (1993). "Framing, cognitive modes, and image theory: Toward an understanding of a glass half full." Journal of Applied Psychology 78.

Dunwoody, S. and K. Neuwirth (1991). Coming to terms with the impact of communication on scientific and techonological risk judgments. Risky business. L. Wilkins and P. Patterson. Westport, CT, Greenwood: 11-30.

Dunwoody, S., K. Neuwirth, et al. (1992). "The impact of risk message content and construction on comments about risks embedded in "letters to friends"." Journal of Language and Social Psychology 11: 9-33.

Eagly, A. H. and S. Chaiken (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Orlando, FL, Harcourt Brace.

Edell, J. A. and M. D. Burke (1987). "The power of feelings in understanding advertising effects." Journal of Consumer Research 14: 421-433.

Elder, J. P., C. C. Edwards, et al. (1996). "Independent Evaluation of the California Tobacco Education Program." Public Health Reports 111(4): 353-8.

Ellickson, P. L. and S. C. Morton (1999). "Identifying adolescents at risk for hard drug use: Racial/ethnic variations." Journal of Adolescent Health 25(6): 382-95.

Elliott, B. J. (1991). A re-examination of the social marketing concept. Sydney, Elliott & Shanahan.

Elliott, C. S. and R. B. Archibald (1989). "Subjective framing and attitudes towards risk." Journal of Economic Psychology 10( 321-328).

Emmons, K. M., S. K. Hammond, et al. (2001). "A randomized trail to reduce passive smoke exposure in low-income households with young children." Pediatrics 108(1): 18-24.

Engels, R. C. M., R. A. Knibbe, et al. (1998). "Antecedents of smoking cessation among adolescents: who is motivated to change?" Preventive Medicine 27(3): 348-57.

Ennett, S. T. and e. al. (2001). "Parent-child communication about adolescent tobacco and alcohol use: what do parents say and does it affect youth behavior." Sage Family Studies Abstracts 23(3): 275-407.

Entman, R. M. (1993). "Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm." Journal of Communication 43(4): 51-58.

Environmental Protection Agency (1992). Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking: Lung Cancer and Other Disorders. Washington, D.C., Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Office of Air and Radiation.

Epstein, J. A., G. J. Botvin, et al. (1999). "Social influence and psychological determinants of smoking among inner-city adolescents." Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 8(3): 1-19.

Epstein, J. A., K. W. Griffin, et al. (2000). "A model of smoking among inner-city adolescents: the role of personal competence and perceived social benefits of smoking." Preventive Medicine 32(1): 107-14.

Ernster, V. L., D. G. Grady, et al. (1990). "Smokeless tobacco use and health effects among baseball players." JAMA 264(2): 218-24.

Eveland, W. P. J. and S. Dunwoody (2000). "Examining information processing on the World Wide Web using think aloud protocols." Media Psychology 2: 219-244.

Eysenbach, G. (2003). "The Impact of the Internet on Cancer Outcomes." CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 53(6): 356-371.

Fagley, N. S. (1993). "A note concerning reflection effects versus framing effects." Psychological bulletin 113(3): 451-452.

Fagley, N. S. and P. M. Miller (1987). "The effects of decision framing on choice of risky and certain options." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 39: 264-277.

Fagley, N. S. and P. M. Miller (1990). "The effect of framing on choice: Interactions with risk-taking propensity, cognitive style, and sex." Personality and social psychology bulletin 16(3): 496-510.

Fairclough, G. (1999). U.S. Antidrug Campaign's Impact To Be Closely Tracked by Surveys. Wall Street Journal. New York: 1.

Fairclough, G. (2002). Study Slams Philip Morris Ads Telling Teens Not to Smoke - TV Spots With Clean-Cut Kids Attacking Smoking Don't Word, Survey Shows; Company Disagrees. Wall Street Journal. New York: 1.

Farrelly, M., C. G. Healton, et al. (2002). "Getting to the Truth: Evaluating National Tobacco Countermarketing Campaigns." American Journal of Public Health 92(6): 901-907.

Faucher, M. A. (2003). "Factors that influence smoking in adolescent girls." Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 48(3): 199-205, 239-41.

Fishbein, M. and I. Ajzen (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley.

Fishbein, M. and S. E. Middlestadt (1989). Using the theory of reasoned action as a framework for understanding and changing AIDS-related behaviors. Primary preventions of AIDS: Psychological approaches. V. M. Mays, G. W. Albee and S. F. Schneider. Newbury Park, CA, Sage: 93-110.

Fishburn, P. (1970). Utility Theory for Decision Making. New York, Wiley.

Flay, B. R., F. B. Hu, et al. (1998). "Psychosocial Predictors of Different Stages of Cigarette Smoking Among High School Students." Preventive Medicine 27(5): A9-18.

Floyd, F. J. and K. F. Widaman (1995). "Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinnical assessment instruments." Psychological Assessment 7(286-299).

Flynn, B. S., J. K. Worden, et al. (1997). "Long-term Responses of Higher and Lower Risk Youths to Smoking Prevention Interventions." Preventive Medicine 26(3): 389-94.

Flynn, L. R. and R. E. Goldsmith (1999). "A Short, Reliable Measure of Subjective Knowledge." Journal of Business Research.

Ford, M. E., D. D. Hill, et al. (2002). "Modifying a Breast Cancer Risk Factor Survey for African American Women." Oncology Nursing Forum 29(5): 827-34.

Fors, S. W., N. Crepaz, et al. (1999). "Key factors that protect against health risks in youth: Further evidence." American Journal of Health Behavior 23(5): 368-80.

Freidson, E. (1961). Patients' views of medical practice. New York, Russell Sage.

Freimuth, V. S., S. L. Hammond, et al. (1990). "Reaching those at risk: A content analytic study of AIDS PSAs." Communication Research 17: 775-791.

Friend, T. (2003). Cancer Deaths Decline. USA Today.

Friestad, C. and K. Klepp (1997). "Social influences on the development or boys' and girls' smoking behavior." Journal of Gender, Culture, & Health 2(4): 287-304.

Frisby, G., T. L. Bessell, et al. (2002). Smoking Cessation and the Internet: A Qualitative Method Examining Online Consumer Behavior. Clayton, Victorial, Monash Institute of Health Services Research: 6.

Frisch, D. (1993). "Reasons for framing effects." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 54: 399-429.

Gerrard, M., F. X. Gibbons, et al. (1996). "Relation between perceived vulnerability to HIV and precautionary sexual behavior." Psychological Bulletin 119: 390-409.

Geweke, J. and D. L. Martin (2002). "Pitfalls in Drawing Policy Conclusions from Retrospective Survey Data: The Case of Advertising and Underage Smoking." The Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 25(2): 111-131.

Ghafoor, A., A. Jemal, et al. (2003). "Trends in Breast Cancer by Race and Ethnicity." CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 53(6): 342-355.

Gibbons, F. X., P. G. McGovern, et al. (1991). "Relapse and risk perception among members of a smoking cessation clinic." Health Psychology 10: 42-45.

Gibson, R., J. C. Hudson, et al. (1999). "Low recall of local television health care news segment topics, sponsors and program names." Health Marketing Quarterly 17(2): 55-65.

Gilmer, M. J. (1996). "The Youth Health Survey: Reliability and vailidity of an instrument for assessing cardiovascular health habits in adolescents." Journal of School Health 66(3): 106-11.

Gilpin, E. A., J. P. Pierce, et al. (1997). "Are Adolescents Receptive to Current Sales Promotion Practices of the Tobacco Industry?" Preventive Medicine 26(1): 14-21.

Gimenez, T. J. C. and M. L. Adame (2002). "Influence of Message Credibility and the Pressure to Hide Tobacco Consumption in the Effectiveness of the 'Bogus Pipeline' Technique." Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy 9(2): 187-193.

Ginzel, K. H. (2002). "Tobacco and the school-age child: The parent connection." New Mexico Nurse 47(2): 8.

Glanz, K. and B. K. Rimer (1997). Theory at a glance: A guide for health promotion practice, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health.

Gleicher, F. and R. E. Petty (1992). "Expectations of reassurance influence the nature of fear-stimulated attitude change." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 28: 86-100.

Glendinning, A., J. Shucksmith, et al. (1997). "Family life and smoking in adolescence." Social Science and Medicine 44(1): 93-101.

Glied, S. (2002). "Youth tobacco control: reconciling theory and empirical evidence." Human Resources Abstracts 37(3): 325-472.

Glied, S. (2003). "Is Smoking Delayed Smoking Averted?" American Journal of Public Health 93(3): 412-16.

Godin, G., A. Colantonio, et al. (1986). "Prediction of leisure time exercise behavior among a a group of lower-limb disabled adults." Journal of Clinical Psychology 42: 272-279.

Goldman, L. K. and S. A. Glantz (1998). "Evaluation of antismoking advertising campaigns." Journal of the American Medical Association 279: 772-777.

Gracey, D., N. Stanley, et al. (1996). "Nutritional knowledge, beliefs and behaviours in teenage school students." Health Education Research 11(2): 187-204.

Green, L. W., M. P. Eriksen, et al. (2000). "Achieving the implausible in the next decade's tobacco control objectives." American Journal of Public Health 90(3): 337-9.

Green, L. W. and M. W. Kreuter (1999). Health Promotion Planning: An Educational and Ecological Approach. Mountain View, CA, Mayfield Publishing Company.

Griesler, P. C. and D. B. Kandel (1998). "Ethnic differences in correlates of adolescent cigarette smoking." Journal of Adolescent Health 23(3): 167-80.

Griffin, R. J., K. Neuwirth, et al. (1995). Using the theory of reasoned action to examine the impact of health risk messages. Communication yearbook. B. R. Burleson. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage. 18: 201-228.

Grimley, D. M., G. E. Riley, et al. (1993). "Assessing the stages of change and decision-making for contraceptive use for the prevention of pregnancy, sexually transmitted disease, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome." Health Education Quarterly 20(4): 455-470.

Gritz, E., A. V. Prokhorov, et al. (2003). "Predictors of susceptibility to smoking and ever smoking: A longitudinal study in triethnic sample of adolescents." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 5(4): 493-506.

Gritz, E. R., A. V. Prokhorov, et al. (1998). "Cigarette smoking in a multiethnic population of youth: Methods and baseline findings." Preventive Medicine 27(3): 365-84.

Gunther, A. (1991). "What we think others think: cause and consequence in the third-person effect." Communication Research 18( 3): 355-373.

Gunther, A. C. and E. Thorson (1992). "Perceived persuasive effects of product commercials and public service announcements: third-person effects in new domains." Communication Research 26(3): 275-302.

Haddad, L. G. and M. Z. Malak (2002). "Smoking Habits and Attitudes Towards Smoking Among University Students in Jordan." International Journal of Nursing Studies 39(8): 793-802.

Hahn, E. J., L. A. Hall, et al. (2000). "Kindergarten children's knowledge of perceptions of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs." Journal of School Health 70(2): 51-5.

Hale, J. L. and J. P. Dillard (1995). Fear appeals in health promotion: Too much, too little or just right? Designing health messages: Approaches from communication theory and public health practice. E. Maibach and R. Parrott. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage: 65-80.

Hampl, J. S. and N. M. Betts (1999). "Cigarette use during adolescents: Effects on nutritional status." Nutrition Reviews 57(7): 215-21.

Hample, D. (2000). "Cognitive editing of arguments and reasons for requests:  Evidence from think-aloud protocols." Argumentation and Advocacy 37: 98-108.

Hanna, K. M. (1999). "An adolescent and young adult condom self-efficacy scale." Journal of Pediatric Nursing 14(1): 59-66.

Hansen, D. L., H. A. Derry, et al. (2003). "Adolescents Searching for Health Information on the Internet: An Observational Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 5(4): e25.

Hayman, L. L. (2003). "Toward evidence-based practice. Decline in physical activity in black and white girls during adolescence." MCN, American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing 28(1): 54.

Haynes, S. N. and D. C. S. Richard (1995). "Content validity in psychological assessment: A functional approach to concepts and methods." Psychological Assessment 7(3): 238-247.

Hendricks, C. S. (1998). "The influence of race and gender on health promoting behavior determinants of southern "at-risk" adolescents." ABNF Journal 9(1): 4-10.

Henke, L. L. (1995). "Young Children's Perceptions of Cigarette Brand Advertising Symbols: Awareness, Affect, and Target Market Identification." Journal of Advertising 24(4): 13-28.

Henning, P. and A. Knowles (1990). "Factors influencing women over 40 years to take precautions against cervical cancer." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 20: 1612-1621.

Henriksen, L. and J. Flora (1998). "Third-person perception and children: Perceived impact of pro- and anti-smoking ads." Communication Research 26(6): 643-665.

Herdman, R., M. Hewitt, et al. (1993). Smoking-Related Deaths and Financial Costs: Office of Technology Assessment Estimates for 1990. S. S. C. o. Aging. Washington, D.C.

Herrnstein, R. J. (1990). "Rationale choice theory: Necessary but not sufficient." American Psychologist 45: 356-367.

Hershey, J. C. and P. J. H. Schoemaker (1980). "Prospect theory's reflection hypothesis: A critical examination." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 25: 395-418.

Hesketh, T., Q. J. Ding, et al. (2001). "Smoking among youths in China." American Journal of Public Health 91(10): 1653-5.

Higgins, E. T. (1987). "Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect." Psychological Review 94: 319-340.

Hill, D., G. Gardner, et al. (1985). "Factors predisposing women to take precautions against breast and cervix cancer." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 15: 59-79.

Holbrook, M. B. and R. Batra (1987). "Assessing the Role of Emotions as Mediators of Consumer Responses to Advertising." Journal of Consumer Research 14(December): 404-420.

Honig, J. C. (1995). Health status in urban minority adolescents, Columbia University Teachers College: 116.

Horvath, P. and M. Zuckerman (1993). "Sensation seeking, risk appraisal and risky behavior." Personality and individual differences 14: 41-52.

Houston, T., L. J. Kolbe, et al. (1998). "Tobacco-Use Cessation in the 90s - Not "Adults Only" Anymore." Preventive Medicine 27(5): A1-2.

Hovland, C., I. Janis, et al. (1953). Communication and persuasion. New Haven, CT, Yale University Press.

Hu, T.-w., Z. Lin, et al. (1998). "Teenage Smoking, Attempts to Quit, and School Performance." American Journal of Public Health 88(6): 940-43.

Hudmon, K. S., A. V. Prokhorov, et al. (1997). "Psychometric properties of the Desicional Balance Scale and the Temptations to Try Smoking Inventory in adolescents." Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 6(3): 1-18.

Huys, J., G. Evers-Kiebooms, et al. (1990). Framing biases in genetic risk perception. Cognitive biases. J. P. Carverni, J. M. Fabre and M. Gonzales. Amesterdam, Elsevier Science: 59-68.

Isen, A. M., T. E. Nygren, et al. (1988). "Influence of positive affect on the subjective utility of gains and losses: It is just not worth the risk." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55: 710-717.

Jackson, C. (2002). "Perceived legitimacy of parental authority and tobacco and alcohol use during early adolescence." Journal of Adolescent Health 31(5): 425-32.

Jackson, C. and D. Dickinson (2003). "Can parents who smoke socialise their children against smoking? Results from the Smoke-free Kids intervention trial." Tobacco Control 12: 52-59.

Jackson, K. M. and L. S. Aiken (2000). "A psychosocial model of sun protection and sunbathing in young women: The impact of health beliefs, attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy for sun protection." Health Psychology 19(5): 469-478.

Janis, I. L. (1967). Effects of fear arousal on attitude change: Recent developments in theory and experimental research. Advances in experimental social psychology. L. Berkowitz. New York, Academic Press. 3: 166-225.

Janis, I. L. and S. Feshbach (1953). "Effects of fear-arousing communication." Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 48: 78-92.

Janz, N. K. and M. H. Becker (1984). "The Health Belief Model: A decade later." Health Education Quarterly 11: 1-47.

Jarvis, M. J., E. Goodard, et al. (2000). "Children's exposure to passive smoking in England since the 1980s: Cotinine evidence from population surveys." British Medical Journal 321(7257): 343-5.

Jenkins, C. N. H., S. J. Mcphee, et al. (1997). "The effectiveness of a media-led intervention to reduce smoking among Vietnamese-American men." American Journal of Public Health 87(6): 1031-34.

Jensen, T. (2002). CCF Breaks Anti-Tobacco Radio. AdWeek: 6.

Johnson, E. J. and A. Tversky (1983). "Affect, generalization, and the perception of risk." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45: 20-31.

Johnson, P. B., S. M. Boles, et al. (2000). "Age-related Differences in Adolescent Smokers' and Nonsmokers' Assessments of the Relative Addictiveness and Health Harmfulness of Cigarettes, Alcohol, and Marijuana." Journal of Substance Abuse 11(1): 45-52.

Johnston, L. D., P. M. O'Malley, et al. (2001). The Monitoring the Future National survey results on adolescent drug use: Overview of key findings, 2000 (NIH Publication No. 01-4923). Bethesda, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse: 56.

Jones, S. C. and R. J. Donovan (2001). "Messages in alcohol advertising targeted to youth." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 25(2): 126-131.

Kahneman, D. and A. Tversky (1979). "Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk." Econometrica 47: 263-291.

Kahneman, D. and A. Tversky (1982). "The psychology of preferences." Scientific American 247: 160-173.

Kahneman, D. and A. Tversky (1984). "Choices, values, and frames." American Psychologist 39: 341-350.

Kalichman, S. C. and B. Coley (1995). "Context framing to enhance HIV-antibody-testing messages targeted to African American women." Health Psychology 14: 247-254.

Kear, M. E. H. (2001). College smoking and psychosocial correlates among college students, University of South Florida: 122.

Kear, M. E. H. (2002). "Psychosocial determinants of cigarette smoking among college students." Journal of Community Health Nursing 19(4): 245-57.

Kelly, P. T. (1979). "Breast self-examination: Who does them and why." Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2: 31-38.

Key, J. D. and L. D. Marsh (2002). "Missed opportunities for prevention: Failure to identify smoking in the parents of adolescent patients." Substance Abuse 23(4): 215-21.

Kim, Y. (2001). "Korean adolescents' health risk behaviors and their relationships with the selected psychological constructs." Journal of Adolescent Health 29(4): 298-306.

King, K. A., D. I. Wagner, et al. (2002). "Parents' reported needs in preventing their children from engaging in alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use." Journal of Health Education 33(2): 70-6.

Kinnick, K., D. M. Krugman, et al. (1996). "Compassion Fatigue: Communication and Burnout toward Social Problems." Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 73(3).

Kirscht, J. P. (1983). "Preventive health behavior: A review of research and issues." Health Psychology 2: 277-301.

Klein, J. D., C. A. Graff, et al. (1999). "Developing quality measures for adolescent care: Validity of adolescents' self-reporter receipt of preventive services." Health Services Research 34(1 Pt. 2): 391-404.

Klonoff, E., H. Landrine, et al. (1998). "An Instrument for Assessing the Quality of Tobacco-Control Policies: The ACT-L Scale." Preventive Medicine 27(6): 808 (7 pages).

Komro, K. A., M. C. McCarty, et al. (2003). "Parental, family, and home characteristics associated with cigarette smoking among adolescents." American Journal of Health Promotion 17(5): 291-9.

Koo, M. and H. Skinner (2003). "Improving Web Searches: Case Study of Quit-Smoking Web Sites for Teenagers." Journal of Medical Internet Research 5(4): e28.

Kotler, P. and S. Levy (1969). "Broadening the concept of marketing." Journal of Marketing 33: 10-15.

Kotler, P. and G. Zaltman (1971). "Social marketing: An approach to planned social change." Journal of Marketing 35: 3-12.

Krugman, D. M., R. J. Fox, et al. (1999). "Do cigarette warnings warn? Understanding what it will take to develop more effective warnings." Journal of Health Communication 4: 95-104.

Krull, D. S. and D. J. Erickson (1995). "Inferential hopscotch: How people draw social inferences from behavior." Current Directions in Psychological Science 4(2): 35-38.

Kuhberger, A. (1995). "The framing of decisions: A new look at old problems." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 62: 230-240.

Kuiper, N. A. (1978). "Depression and causal attributions for success and failure." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36: 236-246.

Kunda, Z. (1990). "The case for motivated reasoning." Psychological Bulletin 108: 480-498.

Kuo, P., H. Yang, et al. (2002). "Substance use among adolescents in Taiwan: Associated personality traits, incompetence, and behavioral/emotional problems." Drug & Alcohol Dependence 67(1): 27-39.

Kurtz, M. E., J. C. Kurtz, et al. (2001). "Sources of information on the health effects of environmental tobacco smoke among African-American children and adolescents." Journal of Adolescent Health 28(6): 458-64.

Lam, T. H., S. M. Stewart, et al. (2001). "Prevalence and correlates of smoking and sexual activity among Hong Kong adolescents." Journal of Adolescent Health 29(5): 352-8.

Lambert, N. M. and C. S. Hartsough (1998). "Prospective study of tobacco smoking and substance dependencies among samples of ADHD and non-ADHD participants." Journal of Learning Disabilities 31(6): 533-44.

Lamkin, L., B. Davis, et al. (1998). "Rationale for Tobacco Cessation Interventions for Youth." Preventive Medicine 27(5): A3-8.

Landman, A., P. M. Ling, et al. (2002). "Tobacco Industry Youth Smoking Prevention Programs: Protecting the Industry and Hurting Tobacco Control." American Journal of Public Health 92(6): 917-30.

Langlois, M. A., R. Petosa, et al. (1999). "Why do effective smoking prevention programs work? Student changes in social cognitive theory constructs." Journal of School Health 69(8): 326-31.

Lauver, D. and M. Rubin (1990). "Message framing, dispositional optimism, and follow-up for abnormal Papanicolaou tests." Research in Nursing and Health 13: 199-207.

Lawendowski, L. A. (1998). "A Motivational Intervention for Adolescent Smokers." Preventive Medicine 27(5): A39-46.

Lee, D. J., E. Trapido, et al. (2001). "Correlates of participation and willingness to participate in anti-tobacco activities among 4th-7th graders." Journal of Community Health 26(6): 447-57.

Leohlin, J. C. (1998). Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path, and structural analysis. Mahwah, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum.

Lerman, C., E. Ross, et al. (1992). "The impact of mailing psychoeducational materials to women with abnormal mammograms." American Journal of Public Health 82: 729-730.

Lerman, C., B. Trock, et al. (1991). "Psychological side effects of breast cancer screening." Health Psychology 10(259-267).

Leventhal, H. (1970). Findings and theory in the study of fear communications. Advances in experimental social psychology. L. Berkowitz. New York, Academic Press. 5: 119-186.

Leventhal, H. and M. Diefenbach (1991). The active side of illness cognition. Mental respresentations in health and illness. J. A. Skelton and R. T. Croyle. New York, Springer-Verlag: 247-272.

Leventhal, H., D. R. Nerenz, et al. (1984). Illness representations and coping with health threats. Handbook of psychology and healthh. A. Baum, S. E. Taylor and J. E. Singer. Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum. 4: 219-252.

Leventhal, H. and R. P. Singer (1966). "Affect arousal and positioning of recommendations in persuasive communications." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4: 137-146.

Levin, I. P. (1987). "Associative effects on information framing." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 25: 85-86.

Levin, I. P. and D. P. Chapman (1990). "Risk taking, frame of reference, and characterization of victim groups in AIDS treatment decisions." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 26: 421-434.

Levin, I. P. and D. P. Chapman (1993). "Risk decision making and allocation of resources for leukemia and AIDS programs." Health Psychology 12: 110-117.

Levin, I. P. and G. J. Gaeth (1988). "How consumers are affected by the framing of attribute information before and after consuming the product." Journal of Consumer Research 15: 374-378.

Levin, I. P., S. K. Schnittjer, et al. (1988). "Information framing effects in social and personal decisions." Journal of Experiemental Social Psychology 24: 520-529.

Lewis, P. C., J. S. Harrell, et al. (2001). "Cigarette use in adolescents: The Cardiovascular Health in Children and Youth Study." Research in Nursing and Health 24(1): 27-37.

Lewis, P. C., J. S. Harrell, et al. (1999). "Smokeless tobacco use in adolescents: The Cardiovascular Health in Children (CHIC II) study." Journal of School Health 69(8): 320-5.

Li, S. and A. S. Adams (1995). "Is there something more important behind framing?" Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 62: 216-219.

Liberman, A. and S. Chiken (1992). "Defensive processing of personally relevant health messages." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18: 669-679.

Lieberman, D. A. (2001). "Management of chronic pediatric diseases with interactive health games: theory and research findings." Journal of Ambulatory Care Management 24(1): 26-38.

Ling, P. M. and S. A. Glantz (2002). "Why and How the Tobacco Industry Sells Cigarettes to Young Adults: Evidence From Industry Documents." American Journal of Public Health 92(6): 908-916.

Linville, P. W., G. W. Fischer, et al. (1993). AIDS risk perceptions and decision biases. The social psychology of HIV infection. J. B. Pryor and G. D. Reeder. Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum: 5-38.

Lock, S. E., S. L. Ferguson, et al. (1998). "Communication of sexual risk behavior among late adolescents." Western Journal of Nursing Research 20 (3): 273-294.

Lopes, L. (1987). Between hope and fear: The psychology of risk. Advances in experimental social psychology. L. Berkowitz. New York, Academic Press. 20: 255-295.

Lowry, C. R. S. (2000). Testing the transtheoretical model of change in young adult male smokeless tobacco users, Texas Women's University: 223.

Lutz, R. J. (1977). "An experimental investigation of causal relation among cognitions, affect and behavioral intention." Journal of Consumer Research 3: 197-208.

Lysen, V. C. and R. Walker (1997). "Osteoporosis risk factors in eighth grade students." Journal of School Health 67(8): 317-21.

MacCallum, R. C., K. F. Widamna, et al. (1999). "Sample size in factor analysis." Psychological Methods 4: 84-99.

MacDonald, M. and N. E. Wright (2002). "Cigarette smoking and the disenfranchisment of adolescent girls: A discourse of resistance?" Health Care for Women International 23(3): 281-305.

MacInnis, D. J. and D. M. Stayman (1993). "Focal and emotional integration: constructs, measures, and preliminary evidence." Journal of Advertising 22(4): 51-66.

Maddux, J. E. and R. W. Rogers (1983). "Protection motivation and self-efficacy: A revised theory of fear appeals and attitude change." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 19: 469-479.

Maher, R. A. and D. Rickwood (1997). "The theory of planned behavior, domain specific self-efficacy and adolescent smoking." Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 6(3): 57-76.

Maheswaran, D. and S. Chaiken (1991). "Promoting systematic processing in low motivation settings: Effect of incongruent information on processing and judgment." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61: 13-25.

Maheswaran, D. and J. Meyers-Levy (1990). "The influence of message framing and issue involvement." Journal of Marketing Research 27: 361-367.

Maiman, L. A. (1974). "The Health Belief Model: Origins and correlates in psychological theory." Health Education Monographs 2(4): 336-353.

Males, M. (1995). "The influence of parental smoking on youth smoking: Is the recent downplaying justified." Journal of School Health 65(6): 228-31.

Malone, R., L. Wenger, et al. (2002). "High School Journalists' Perspectives on Tobacco." Journal of Health Communication 7(2): 139-156.

Malouff, J., N. Schutte, et al. (1992). "Preventing smoking: Evaluation the potential effectiveness of cigarette warnings." Journal of Psychology 126: 371-383.

Mano, H. (1994). "Risk-taking, framing effects, and affect." Organizational Behavior and Huma Decision Making Processes 57: 38-58.

Marteau, T. M. (1989). "Framing of information: Its influence upon decisions of doctors and patients." British Journal of Social Psychology 28: 89-94.

Martin, P. K. (1995). Intent to perform protective behaviors to prevent pregnancy in the adolescent female age 13-18, Texas Woman's University: 203.

Martinelli, A. M. (1999). "A theoretical model for the study of active and passive smoking in military women: an at-risk population." Military Medicine 164(7): 475-80.

Martinelli, A. M. (1999). "An explanatory model of variables influencing health promotion behaviors in smoking and nonsmoking college students." Public Health Nursing 16(4): 263-9.

Martinez, B. (1997). Antismoking ads aim to gross out teens. Wall Street Journal. New York: 1.

Maru, M. (2000). Alcohol and tobacco use in Japan among adolescents with chronic kidney disease. Birmingham, AL, University of Alabama at Birmingham: 126.

Mattson, M. (1999). "Toward a reconceptualization of communication cues to action in the Health Belief Model: HIV test counseling." Communication Monographs 66(3): 240-265.

Mayer, J. A. and L. Solomon (1992). "Breast self-examination skill and frequency: A review." Annals of Behavioral Medicine 14: 189-196.

Mayer, J. D., Y. N. Gaschke, et al. (1992). "Mood-congruent recall is a general effect." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63: 119-132.

McBride, C., P. Lozano, et al. (1998). "Use of Health Services by Children of Smokers and Nonsmokers in a Health Maintenance Organization." American Journal of Public Health 88(6): 897-902.

McCaul, K. D., K. O'Neill, et al. (1988). "Predicting the performance of dental hygiene behaviors: An examination of the Fishbein and Ajzen model and self-efficacy expectations." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 18: 114-128.

McConnell, B. (2001). Bad spot! Tobacco company asks FCC to ban dog-urine ads. Broadasting & Cable: 10.

McFarland, C. and D. T. Miller (1994). "The framing of relative performance feedbacks: Seeing the glass as half empty or half full." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 66: 1061-1073.

McGahee, T. W., V. Kemp, et al. (2000). "A theoretical model for smoking prevention studies in preteen children." Pediatric Nursing 26(2): 135-8.

McKenna, J. and K. N. Williams (1993). "Crafting effective tobacco counter advertisements: Lessons from a failed campaign directed at teenagers." Public Health Reports 108(Suppl. 1): 85-89.

McLeod, D. M., W. P. J. Eveland, et al. (1997). "Support for censorship of violent and misogynic rap lyrics: an analysis of the third-person effect." Communication Research 24(2): 153-174.

McNeil, B. J., S. G. Pauker, et al. (1982). "On the elicitation of preferences for alternative therapies." New England Journal of Medicine 306: 1259-1262.

Meyer, D., H. Leventhal, et al. (1985). "Commonsense models of illness: The example of hypertension." Health Psychology 4: 115-135.

Meyerowitz, B. E. and S. Chaiken (1987). "The effect of message framing on breast self-examination attitudes, intentions, and behavior." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52: 500-510.

Meyers, M. G., D. M. McCarthy, et al. (2003). "Constructing a Short Form of the Smoking Consequences Questionnaire With Adolescents and Young Adults." Psychological Assessment 15(2): 163-172.

Michael, S. B. (1998). "A survey of the patterns influencing adolescent females' nicotine smoking behaviour." Journal of Substance Misuse for Nursing, Health & Social Care 3(4): 200-5.

Milio, N. (1985). Health education=health instruction+health news: Media experiences in the United States, Finland, Australia, and England. The media, social science, and social policy for children. E. A. Rubinstein and J. D. Brown. Norwood, NJ, Ablex: 118-136.

Milio, N. (1986). "Health and the media in Australia-An uneasy relationship." Community Health Studies 10(4): 419-422.

Millar, M. G. and K. U. Millar (2000). "Promoting safe driving behaviors: The influence of message framing and issue involvement." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 30(4): 853.

Miller, P. M. and N. S. Fagley (1991). "The effects of framing, problem variations, and providing rationale on choice." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 17: 517-522.

Milligan, R. A. K., V. Burke, et al. (1997). "Health-related behaviours and psycho-social characteristics of 18-year-old Australians." Social Science and Medicine 45(10): 1549-62.

Mitchell, M. M. (2001). "Risk, threat, and information seeking about genital herpes: The effects of mood and message framing." Communication Studies 52 (Summer)(2): 141-152.

Mizuno, Y., M. Kennedy, et al. (2002). "An examination of adolescents who were and were not exposed to "Teens Stopping AIDS": Reaching the hard-to-reach." Journal of Health Communication 7(3): 197-203.

Montano, D. E. and S. H. Taplin (1991). "A test of an expanded theory of reasoned action to predict mammography participation." Social Science and Medicine 32: 733-741.

Morrongiello, C. and B. S. Reed (1996). "The accuracy of breast cancer reports in consumer magazines." Mass Communication Review 23(1-4): 97-110.

Morrow, S. L. and M. L. Smith (1995). "Constructions of survival and coping by women who have survived childhood sexual abuse." Journal of Counseling Psychology 42 (1): 24-33.

Morton, T. A. and J. M. Duck (2001). "Communication and health beliefs: Mass and interpersonal influences on perceptions of risks to self and others." Communication Research. 28(5): 602-626.

Murray, D. M., C. L. Perry, et al. (1992). "Results from a statewide approach to adolescent tobacco use prevention." Preventive medicine 21: 449-472.

Murray, E., B. Lo, et al. (2003). "The Impact of Health Information on the Internet on Health Care and the Physician-Patient Relationship: National U.S. Survey among 1.050 U.S. Physicians." Journal of Medical Internet Research 5(3): e17.

Myers, M. G., S. A. Brown, et al. (2000). "A smoking intervention for substance abusing adolescents: Outcomes, predictors of cessation attempts, and post-treatment substance use." Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 9(4): 77-91.

Myers, M. G., D. M. McCarthy, et al. (2003). "Constructing a Short Form of the Smoking Consequences Questionnaire With Adolescents and Young Adults." Psychological Assessment 15(2): 163-72.

National Cancer Institute (1998). Cigars: Health Effects and Trends. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 9. N. C. I. National Institutes of Health. Bethesda, MD.

National Cancer Institute (1999). Health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke: The report of the California Environmental Protection Agency. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 10. Bethesda, MD, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute.

National Cancer Institute (2003). New Treatment Significantly Improves Long-term Outlook For Breast Cancer Survivors:  International clinical trial concludes women should consider taking letrozole after five years of tamoxifen treatment to continue to reduce risk of recurrence, National Cancer Institute. 2003.

Neale, M. A., V. L. Huber, et al. (1987). "The framing of negotiations: Contextual versus task frames." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 39: 228-241.

Neiger, B. L., M. D. Barnes, et al. (2002). "Measuring the effect of tobacco media campaign among nonsmoking children and adolescents." International Electronic Journal of Health Education: 535-40.

Neumann, J. V. and O. Morgenstern (1947). Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.

Nichter, M., M. Nichter, et al. (2002). "Using qualitative research to inform survey development on nicotine dependence among adolescents." Drug & Alcohol Dependence 68Suppl(1): S41-56.

Nisbett, R. and L. Ross (1980). Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall.

Noah, T. (1996). Advertising: Cigarettes are being marketed through Web sites on the Internet. Wall Street Journal. New York: 1.

Novelli, B. (1997). "Barriers to effective social marketing." Journal of Health Communication 2: 310.

O'Byrne, K. K., C. K. Haddock, et al. (2002). "Parenting Style and Adolescent Smoking." Journal of Adolescent Health 30(6): 418-25.

O'Connor, A. M. C., N. F. Boyd, et al. (1985). "Eliciting preferences for alternative cancer drug therapies." Medical Decision Making 5: 453-463.

Olds, R. S. and D. L. Thombs (2001). "The relationship of adolescent perceptions of peer norms and parent involvement to cigarette and alcohol use." Journal of School Health 71(6): 223-8.

Ott, J., L. Greening, et al. (2000). "Self-efficacy as a mediator variable for adolescents' adherence to treatment for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus." Children's Health Care 29(1): 47-63.

Pace, B. (2000). "JAMA patient page. Preventing tobacco use in chlidren and adolescents." JAMA 284(6): 794.

Pallonen, U. E. (1998). "Transtheoretical Measures for Adolescent and Adult Smokers: Similarities and Differences." Preventive Medicine 27(5): A29-38.

Pallonen, U. E., J. O. Prochaska, et al. (1998). "Stages of Acquisition and Cessation for Adolescent Smoking: An Empirical Integration." Addictive Behavior 23(3): 303-24.

Palmgreen, P., L. Donohew, et al. (2000). Sensation Seeking in Antidrug Campaign and Message Design. Public communication campaigns. R. E. Rice and C. K. Atkin. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage: 300-304.

Palmgreen, P., L. Donohew, et al. (2001). "Television Campaigns and Adolescent Marijuana Use: Tests of Sensation Seeking Targeting." American Journal of Public Health 91(2): 292-96.

Palmgreen, P., L. Donohew, et al. (1991). "Influence of sensation seeking on general deviance and specific problem behaviors from adolescence to young adulthood." Journal of personality and social psychology 61: 614-628.

Panday, U. C., S. P. Reddy, et al. (2003). "A qualitative study on the determinants of smoking behaviour among adolescents in South Africa." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 31(3): 204-10.

Parcel, G. S., E. Edmundson, et al. (1995). "Measurement of self-efficacy for diet-related behaviors among elementary school children." Journal of School Health 65(1): 23-7.

Parcel, G. S., N. M. O'Hara-Thompkins, et al. (1995). "Diffusion of an effective tobacco prevention program. Part II: evaluation of the adoption phase." Health Education Research 10(3): 297-307.

Parker, V., S. Sussman, et al. (1998). "The relation of ethnic identification with cigarette smoking among U.S. urban African American and Latino youth: A pilot study." Ethnicity & Health 3(1/2): 135-43.

Paul, B., M. B. Salwen, et al. (2000). "The third-person effect: A meta-analysis of the perceptual hypothesis." Mass Communication & Society 3(1): 57-85.

Payne, J. W., J. R. Bettman, et al. (1992). "Behavioral decision research: A constructive processing perspective." Annual Review of Psychology 43: 87-131.

Pechmann, C. (1997). Does antismoking advertising combat underage smoking? A review of past practices and research. Social marketing: theoretical and practical perspectives. M. E. Goldberg, M. Fishbein and S. E. Middlestadt. Mahwah, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum: 189-216.

Pechmann, C. and S. Ratneshwar (1994). "The effects of anti-smoking and cigarette advertising on young adolescents' perceptions of peers who smoke." Journal of Consumer Research 21 (September): 236-251.

Pechmann, C., G. Zhao, et al. (2003). "What to Convey in Antismoking Advertisements for Adolescents: The Use of Protection Motivation Theory to Identify Effective Message Themes." Journal of Marketing 67: 1-18.

Pender, N. J., O. Bar-Or, et al. (2002). "Self-efficacy and perceived exertion of girls during exercise." Nursing Research 51(2): 86-91.

Peterson, G., P. Aslani, et al. (2003). "How do Consumers Search for and Appraise Information on Medicines on the Internet? A Qualitative Study Using Focus Groups." Journal of Medical Internet Research 5(4): e33.

Petty, R. E. and J. T. Cacioppo (1979). "Issue involvement can increase or decrease persuasion by enhancing message-relevant cognitive responses." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37: 1915-1926.

Petty, R. E. and J. T. Cacioppo (1981). Attitude and persuasion: Classic and contemporary approaches. Dubuque, IA, Brown.

Petty, R. E. and J. T. Cacioppo (1983). Central and peripheral routes to persuasion: Application to advertising. Advertising and consumer psychology. L. Percy and A. Woodside. Lexington, MA, Lexington Books: 3-23.

Petty, R. E. and J. T. Cacioppo (1983). The role of bodily responses in attitude measurement and change. Social psychophysiology: A sourcebook. J. T. Cacioppo and R. E. Petty. New York, The Guilford Press: 51-101.

Petty, R. E. and J. T. Cacioppo (1986). Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change. New York, Springer-Verlag.

Petty, R. E. and J. T. Cacioppo (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. Advances in experimental social psychology. L. Berkowitz. New York, Academic Press. 19: 123-205.

Petty, R. E. and D. T. Wegener (1991). Thought systems, argument quality, and persuasion. Advances in social cognition. R. S. Wyer and T. K. Srull. Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum. 4.

Pickle, K., S. C. Quinn, et al. (2002). "HIV/AIDS coverage in Black newspapers, 1991-1996: Implications for health communication and health education." Journal of Health Communication 7: 427-444.

Pierce, J. P., W. S. Choi, et al. (1998). "Tobacco Industry Promotion of Cigarettes and Adolescent Smoking." JAMA 279(7): 511-5.

Popham, W. J., L. D. Potter, et al. (1994). "Effectiveness of the California 1990-1991 tobacco education media campaign." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 10(6): 319-326.

Powers, L. E., J. Sowers, et al. (1995). "An exploratory, randomized study of the impact of mentoring on the self-efficacy and community-based knowledge of adolescents with severe physical challenges." Journal of Rehabilitation 61(1): 33-41.

Prather, J. M. (1994). The Application of Sensation-Seeking Theory to a Public Communications Campaign in Kentucky: The Prevention of Birth Defects Due to Substance Use. Lexington, KY, University of Kentucky: 190.

Preston, I. L. (1982). "The Association Model of the advertising communication process." Journal of Advertising 11(2): 3-15.

Prochaska, J. O. and C. C. DiClemente (1982). "Transtheoretical therapy: Toward an integrative model of change." Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 20: 161-173.

Prochaska, J. O. and C. C. DiClemente (1983). "Stages and processes of self change of smoking: Toward an integrative model." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 51: 390-395.

Prochaska, J. O., C. C. DiClemente, et al. (1992). "In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviors." American Psychologist 47: 1102-1114.

Prochaska, J. O., C. C. DiClemente, et al. (1985). "Predicting change in smoking status for self-changers." Addictive Behaviors 10: 133-142.

Puto, C. P. (1987). "The framing of buying decisions." Journal of Consumer Research 14: 301-315.

Putrevu, S. (1997). "A Model of Search Behavior with an Application to Grocery Shopping." Journal of Retailing 73(4): 463-86.

Raiffa, H. (1968). Decision Analysis: Lectures on Choices Under Uncertainty. Reading, Mass., Addison-Wesley.

Raine, T. R., R. Jenkins, et al. (1999). "Sociodemographic correlates of virginity in seventh-grade Black and Latino students." Journal of Adolescent Health 24(5): 304-12.

Range, L. M., V. Carver, et al. (2003). "Adolescents' attitudes and self-perceptions about anti-tobacco advocacy." Health Education Research 18(4): 453-460.

Reber, B. (2001). Cooperation, communication and contingencies : the relationships of corporate public relations practitioners, lawyers and their external. School of Journalism. Columbia, MO, University of Missouri-Columbia.

Reber, B. and G. T. Cameron (2003). "Measuring Contingencies: Using Scales to Measure Public Relations Practitioner Limits to Accomodation." Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 80(2): 431-446.

Reber, B., F. Cropp, et al. (2002). Contingency Theory. International Communication Association, Seoul, South Korea.

Reyna, V. F. and C. J. Brainerd (1991). "Fuzzy-trace theory and framing effects in choice: Gist extraction, truncation, and conversion." Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 4: 249-262.

Rice, R. E. and C. K. Atkin, Eds. (2000). Public Communication Campaigns. Thousand Oaks, California, Sage.

Riley-Lawless, K. (2000). The relationship among characteristics of the family environment and behavioral and physiologic cardiovascular risk factors in parents and their adolescent twins. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania: 154.

Ritov, I. and J. Baron (1990). "Reluctance to vaccinate: Omission bias and ambiguity." Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 3: 263-277.

Robberson, M. R. and R. W. Rogers (1988). "Beyond fear appeals: Negative and positive persuasive appeals to health and self-esteem." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 13: 277-287.

Robbertson, L. S. (1975). "Behavioral research and strategies in public health: A demur." Social Science and Medicine 9: 165-170.

Rochman, S. (2003). Race and the Cure. MAMM Magazine. 6: 34-39.

Rogers, R. W. (1975). "A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change." Journal of Psychology(91): 93-114.

Rogers, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. Social psychophysiology. J. Cacioppo and R. E. Petty. New York, Guilford: 153-176.

Rohrbach, L. A., B. Howard-Pitney, et al. (2002). "Independent evaluation of the California tobacco control program: Relationships between program exposure and outcomes, 1996-1998." American Journal of Public Health 92(6): 975-983.

Romer, D. and P. Jamieson (2001). "Do Adolescents Appreciate the Risks of Smoking? Evidence from a National Survey." Journal of Adolescent Health 29(1): 12-21.

Rosendahl, K. I., M. R. Galanti, et al. (2003). "Smoking mother and snuffing fathers: Behavioural influences on youth tobacco use in a Swedish cohort." Tobacco Control 12(1): 74-8.

Rosenstock, I. M. (1974). "Historical origins of the Health Belief Model." Health Education Monographs 2: 328-335.

Rosenstock, I. M. (1974). "The Health Belief Model and preventive health behavior." Health Education Monographs 2(4): 354-386.

Rosenstock, I. M. (1990). The Health Belief Model: Explaining health behavior through expectancies. Health behavior and health education: Theory research and practice. K. Glanz, F. M. Lewis and B. K. Rimer. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass: 39-62.

Rosenstock, I. M., V. J. Strecher, et al. (1988). "Social learning theory and the Health Belief Model." Health Education Quarterly 15: 175-183.

Roszkowski, M. J. and G. E. Snelbecker (1990). "Effects of "framing" on measure of risk tolerance: Financial planners are not immune." Journal of Behavioral Economics 19: 237-246.

Rothman, A. J. (2000). "Toward a theory-based analysis of behavioral maintenance." Health Psychology 19(1 Suppl.): 64-69.

Rothman, A. J., W. M. Klein, et al. (1996). "Absolute and relative biases in estimations of personal risk." Journal of Applied Social Psychology(26): 1213-1236.

Rothman, A. J. and P. Salovey (1997). "Shaping perceptions to motivate healthy behavior: The role of message framing." Psychological Bulletin 121(1): 3-19.

Rothman, A. J., P. Slovey, et al. (1993). "The influence of message framing on intentions to perform health behaviors." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 29: 408-433.

Rothschild, M. (1997). "An historic perspective of social marketing." Journal of Health Communication 2: 308-309.

Rountree, K. and L. van der Pool (2002). R.I., Vt. Launch Anti-Smoking Ads. AdWeek: 5.

Royak-Schaler, R., B. M. DeVellis, et al. (1995). "Breast Cancer in African-American Families: Risk Perception, Cancer Worry, and Screening Practices of First-Degree Relatives." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 768: 281 - 285.

Rubinstein, M. L., B. L. Halpern-Felsher, et al. (2003). "Adolescents Discriminate between Types of Smokers and Related Risks: Evidence from Nonsmokers." Journal of Adolescent Research 18(6): 651-663.

Rugkasa, J., O. Kennedy, et al. (2001). "Smoking and symbolism: Children, comunication and cigarettes." Health Education Research 16(2): 131-42.

Rybash, J. M. and P. A. Roodin (1989). "The framing heuristic influences judgments about younger and older adults' decisions to refuse medical treatment." Applied Cognitive Pscyhology 3: 171-180.

Sallis, J. F., S. I. Woodruff, et al. (1997). "Reliability and validity of a cigarette refusal skills test for Latino youth." American Journal of Health Behavior 21(5): 345-55.

Salovey, P. and D. Birnbaum (1989). "Influence of mood on health-relevant cognitions." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57: 539-551.

Salovey, P., A. J. Rothman, et al. (1997). Social Psychology and Health Behavior. Handbook of social psychology. D. Gilbert, S. Fiske and G. Lindzey. New York, McGraw-Hill.

Sargent, J. D. and M. Dalton (2001). "Does parental disapproval of smoking prevent adolescents from becoming established smokers?" Pediatrics 108(6): 1256-62.

Scheier, M. F. and C. S. Carver (1985). "Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies." Health Psychology 4: 219-247.

Schifter, D. E. and I. Ajzen (1985). "Intention, perceived control, and weight loss: An application of the theory of planned behavior." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49: 843-851.

Schlundt, D. G., M. Rea, et al. (1996). "Assessing and overcoming situational obstacles to dietary adherence in adolescents with IDDM." Journal of Adolescent Health 19(4): 282-8.

Schneider, S. L. and L. L. Lopes (1986). "Reflection in preference under risk: Why and when many suggest why." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 12: 535-548.

Schneider, T. R., P. Salovey, et al. (2001). "Visual and auditory message framing effects on tobacco smoking." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 31(4): 667.

Schubiner, H., A. Herrold, et al. (1998). "Tobacco Cessation and Youth: The Feasibility of Brief Office Interventions for Adolescents." Preventive Medicine 27(5): A47-54.

Schultz, D. E. and B. E. Barnes (1995). Strategic advertising campaigns. Chicago, IL, NTC/Contemporary Publishing Group.

Schwarz, N. (1990). Feelings as information: Informational and motivational functions of affective states. Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior. E. T. Higgins and R. Sorrentino. New York, Guilford. 2: 527-561.

Schwarz, N. (1994). Judgment in a social context: Biases, shortcomings, and the logic of conversation. Advances in experimental social psychology. M. P. Zanna. New York, Academic Press. 26: 123-162.

Schwarz, N., H. Bless, et al. (1991). Mood and persuasion: Affective states influence the processing of persuasive communications. Advances in experimental social psychology. L. Berkowitz. New York, Academic Press. 24: 161-199.

Scott, W. (1955). "Reliability and content analysis: The case of nominal scale coding." Public Opinion Quarterly 17(1): 133-139.

Seguire, M. and K. I. Chalmers (2000). "Late adolescent female smoking." Journal of Advanced Nursing 31(6): 1422-9.

Sengupta, S. (1996). "Understanding less educated smokers' intention to quit smoking: Strategies for antismoking communication aimed a less educated smokers." Health Communication 8(1): 55-72.

Shackleford, H. (2003). Educating the Healthcare Consumer versus Information Overload, HealthLeaders News. 2003.

Shakib, S., M. Mouttapa, et al. (2003). "Ethnic variation in parenting characteristics and adolescent smoking." Journal of Adolescent Health 33(2): 88-97.

Shapiro, D. and A. Crider (1969). Psychophysiological approaches in social psychology. The handbook of social psychology. G. Lindzey and E. Aronson. Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley. 3.

Shapiro, E. (1993). California Is Planning New Blitz of Successful Antismoking Ads. Wall Street Journal. New York: 1.

Shapiro, M. A. (1994). Think-aloud and thought-list procedures in investigating mental processes. Measuring Psychological Responses to Media. A. Lang. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum: 1-14.

Sheppard, B. H., J. Hartwick, et al. (1988). "The theory of reasoned action: A meta-analysis with recommendations for modificaitons and future research." Journal of Consumer Research 15: 325-343.

Shin, J.-H. and G. T. Cameron (2002). A Cross-Cultural View of Conflict in Media Relations: The Conflict Management Typology of Media Relations in Korea and in the US. Assocation for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC), Miami.

Shin, J.-H. and G. T. Cameron (2002). Toward Communicative Action in Public Relations: Moral Advocacy in Public Relations by Expanding Contingency Theory. National Communication Association, New Orleans.

Shin, J.-H., G. T. Cameron, et al. (2002). Asking What Matters Most: A National Survey of PR Professional Response to Contingency Model. Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC), Miami.

Shin, J.-H., I.-H. Cheng, et al. (2003). Tracking Messy Organization-Public Conflicts: Exploring the Natural History of Conflict Management through the News Coverage of Unfolding Cases. International Communication Association, San Diego.

Shin, J.-H., I.-H. Cheng, et al. (2003). Going Head to Head: Content Analysis of the High Profile Conflicts as Played Out in the Press. International Communication Association, San Diego.

Shin, J.-H., Y. Jin, et al. (2003). Exploring the Contingency of Conflict Management in Organization-Public Conflicts. National Communication Association Conference, Miami.

Shoemaker, P. J., W. Wanta, et al. (1989). Drug coverage and public opinion, 1972-1986. Communication campaigns about druges: Government, media and the public. P. J. Shoemaker. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: 67-80.

Siegel, M. and L. Biener (2000). "The Impact of an Antismoking Media Campaign on Progression to Established Smoking: Results of a Longitudinal Youth Study." American Journal of Public Health 90(3): 380-6.

Siminoff, L. A. and J. H. Fettig (1989). "Effects of outcome framing on treatment decisions in the real world: Impact of framing on adjuvant breast cancer decisions." Medical Decision Making 9: 262-271.

Simons-Morton, B., A. D. Crump, et al. (1999). "Psychosocial, school, and parent factors associated with recent smoking among early-adolescent boys and girls." Preventive Medicine 28(2): 138-48.

Singer, J. A. and P. Salovey (1988). "Mood and memory: Evaluating the network theory of affect." Clinical Psychology Review 8: 211-251.

Siripul, P. (2000). Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Thai adolescents. Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University: 177.

Skelton, J. A. and R. T. Croyle (1991). Mental representations in health and illness. New York, Springer-Verlag.

Skinner, H., S. Biscope, et al. (2003). "How Adolescents Use Technology for Health Information: Implications for Health Professionals from Focus Group Studies." Journal of Medical Internet Research 5(4): e32.

Slater, M. D. (1999). "Integrating application of media effects, persuasion, and behavior change theories to communication campaigns: A stages-of-change framework." Health Communication 11(4): 335-354.

Slovic, P. (1987). "Perceptions of risk." Science 236: 280-285.

Sly, D. F., G. R. Heald, et al. (2000). "The industry manipulation attitudes of smokers and nonsmokers." Journal of public Health Management & Practice 6(3): 49-56.

Sly, D. F., G. R. Heald, et al. (2001). "The Florida "truth" anti-tobacco media evaluation: Design, first year results, and implications for planning future state media evaluations." Tobacco Control 10(1): 9-15.

Sly, D. F., R. S. Hopkins, et al. (2001). "Influence of a Counteradvertising Media Campaign on Initiation of Smoking: The Florida "truth" Campaign." American Journal of Public Health 91(2): 233-238.

Sly, D. F., E. Trapido, et al. (2002). "Evidence of the Dose Effects of an Antitobacco Counteradvertising Campaign." Preventive Medicine 35(5): 511-18.

Smagorninsky, P. (1989). "The reliability and validity of protocol analysis." Written communication 6: 463-479.

Small, S. P., A. L. Brennan-Hunter, et al. (2002). "Struggling to understand: The experience of nonsmoking parents with adolescents who smoke." Qualitative Health Research 12(9): 1202-19.

Smith, S. M. and R. E. Petty (1996). "Message framing and persuasion: A message processing analysis." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 22: 257-268.

Snyder, L. B. (2000). How effective are mediated health campaigns? Public Communication Campaigns. R. E. Rice and C. K. Atkin. Thousand Oaks, California, Sage: 181-190.

Soldz, S. and X. Cui (2002). "Pathways through adolescent smoking: A 7-year longitudinal grouping analysis." Health Psychology 21(5): 495-504.

Soldz, S., P. Kreiner, et al. (2000). "Tobacco Use among Massachusetts Youth: Is Tobacco Control Working?" Preventive Medicine 31(4): 287-95.

Stanton, W. R., J. B. Lowe, et al. (1995). "Antecedents of vulnerability and resilience to smoking among adolescents." Journal of Adolescent Health 16(1): 71-7.

Stasson, M. and M. Fishbein (1990). "The relation between perceived risk and preventive action: A within-subject analysis of perceived driving risk and intentions to wear seatbelts." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 20: 1541-1557.

Stayman, D. M. and D. A. Aaker (1987). "Repetition and affective response: Differences in specific feeling responses and the mediating role of attitude toward the ad."

Stead, M., G. Hastings, et al. (1996). "Preventing Adolescent Smoking: A Review of Options." Health Education Journal 55(1): 31-54.

Stephenson, M. T. and K. Witte (1998). "Fear, threat, and perceptions of efficacy from frightening skin cancer messages." Public Health Reviews 26: 147-174.

Stephenson, M. T. and K. Witte (2000). Creating fear in a risky world: generating effective health risk messages. Public Communication Campaigns. R. E. Rice and C. K. Atkin. Thousand Oaks, California, Sage: 88-104.

Stevens, J. E. (1994). "Treating violence as an epidemic." Technology Review 94(6): 22-28.

Stevens, J. E. (1997). Reporting on violence: A handbook for journalists. Berkeley, CA, Media Studies Group.

Stewart, C. (2001). "The relationship of expectancies to the transtheoretical model of change in college smokers." Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions 1(2): 93-105.

Suchman, E. A. (1965). "States of illness and medical care." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 6: 114-128.

Sussman, S., C. W. Dent, et al. (1998). "Self-Initiated Quitting Among Adolescent Smokers." Preventive Medicine 27(5): A19-28.

Sutton, S. R. (1982). Fear-arousing communications: A critical examination of theory and research. Social psychology and behavioral medicine. J. R. Eiser. London, Wiley: 303-337.

Takemura, K. (1992). "Effect of decision time on framing of decision: A case of risky choice behavior." Psychologia 35: 180-185.

Takemura, K. (1993). "The effect of decision frame and decision justification on risky choice." Japanese Psychologial Research 35: 36-40.

Takemura, K. (1994). "Influence of elaboration on the framing of decision." Journal of Psychology 128: 33-39.

Tam, S. F. (2000). "The effects of a computer skill training programme adopting social comparison and self-efficacy enhancement stretegies on self-concept and skill outcome in trainees with physical disabilities." Disability & Rehabilitation 22(15): 655-64.

Teinowitz, I. (1997). Backers line up for anti-cig campaign. Advertising Age. 68: 1.

Thies, A. P. and J. Chance (1975). "Potential losses versus potential gains as determinants of behavior." Journal of Psychology 89: 81-88.

Thornton, W., G. A. Douglas, et al. (1999). "Transition through stages of smoking: The effect of gender and self-concept on adolescent smoking behavior." Journal of Adolescent Health 25(4): 284-9.

Thorson, E. (1994). Using eyes on screen as a measure of attention to television. Measuring psychological responses to media. A. Lang. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: 65-84.

Thorson, E. and C. E. Beaudoin (2002). Urban African and Caucasian Americans: Social Capital Patterns and Associations with Media Use. International Communication Association, Seoul, South Korea.

Thorson, E., A. Chi, et al. (1992). "Attention, memory, attitude, and conation: A test of the advertising hierarchy." Advances in Consumer Research 19: 366-379.

Thorson, E. and M. Friestad (1989). The effects of emotion on episodic memory for TV commercials. Advertising and Consumer Psychology. P. Cafferata and A. Tybout. New York, Lexington Press.

Tomar, S. L., D. M. Winn, et al. (1997). "Oral mucosal smokeless tobacco lesions among adolescents in the United States." Journal of Dental Research 76(6): 1277-86.

Tomeo, C. A., A. E. Field, et al. (1999). "Weight concerns, weight control behaviors, and smoking initiation." Pediatrics 104(4 part 1): 918-24.

Toneatto, T. and Y. Binik (1987). "The role of intention, social norms, and attitudes in the performance of dental flossing: A test of the theory of reasoned action." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 17: 593-603.

Treiber, F. A. (1986). "A comparison of the positive and negative consequences approaches upon car restraint usage." Journal of Pediatric Psychology 11(1): 15-24.

Tuorila, H. (1987). "Selection of milks with varying fat contents and related overall liking, attitudes, norms and intentions." Appetite 8: 1-14.

Tversky, A. and C. R. Fox (1995). "Weighing risk and uncertainty." Psychological Review 102: 269-283.

Tversky, A. and D. Kahneman (1981). "The framing of decisions and the psychology of choices." Science 211: 453-458.

Tversky, A. and D. Kahneman (1992). "Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty." Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 5: 297-323.

Tykocinski, O., S. Chaiken, et al. (1994). "Message framing, self-discrepancies, and yielding to persuasive messages: The motivational significance of psychological situations." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 20: 107-115.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (1994). Preventing tobacco us among young people: A report of the Surgeon General. Washington, D. C., U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office on Smoking and Health.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2000). Healthy People 2010. With Understanding and Improving Health and Objectives for Improving Health. U. S. D. o. H. a. H. Services. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

U.S. Department of Health, E., and Welfare (1977). The smoking digest. Bethesda, MD, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

Umeh, K. and M. Griffiths (2001). "Adolescent smoking behavioural risk factors and health beliefs." Education & Health 19(4): 69-71.

Vakalahi, H. F. (2002). "Family-based predictors of adolescent substance use." Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 11(3): 1-15.

Valente, T. W., P. R. Poppe, et al. (1996). "Mass media generated interpersonal communication as sources of information about family planning." Journal of Health Communication 1(259-273).

Valente, T. W. and W. P. Saba (1998). "Mass media and interpersonal influence in a reproductive health communication campaign in Bolivia." Communication Research 25(1): 96-114.

Vaughn, E. and M. Seifert (1992). "Variability in the framing of risk issues." Journal of Social Issues 48: 119-135.

ver der Pligt, J. and E. C. M. van Schie (1990). Frames of reference, judgment and preference. European review of social psychology. W. Stroebe and M. Hewstone. London, Wiley. 1: 61-80.

von Bothmer, M. and B. Fridlund (2001). "Promoting a tobacco-free generation: Who is responsible for what?" Journal of Clinical Nursing 10(6): 784-92.

Wakefield, M. A., F. J. Chaloupka, et al. (2000). "Effect of restrictions on smoking at home, at school, and in public places on teenage smoking: Cross sectional study." British Medical Journal 321(7257): 333-7.

Wallack, L., L. Dorfman, et al. (1993). Media advocacy and public health: Power for prevention. Newbury Park, CA, Sage.

Wegener, D. T., R. E. Petty, et al. (1994). "Effects of mood on high elaboration attitude change: The mediating role of likelihood judgments." European Journal of Social Psychology 24: 25-43.

Weinstein, N. D. (1988). "The precaution adoption process." Health Psychology 7(4): 355-386.

Weinstein, N. D. (1993). "Testing four competing theories of health-protective behavior." Health Psychology 12: 324-333.

Williams, T., V. Clarke, et al. (2001). "Effects of message framing on breast-cancer-related beliefs and behaviors: The role of mediating factors." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 31(5): 925.

Wilson, D. K., R. M. Kaplan, et al. (1987). "Framing of decisions and selections of alternatives in health care." Social Behavior 2: 51-59.

Wilson, D. K., S. E. Purdon, et al. (1988). "Compliance to health recommendations: A theoretical overview of message framing." Health Education Research: Thoery and Practice 3: 161-171.

Wilson, D. K., K. A. Wallston, et al. (1990). "Effects of contract framing, motivation to quit, and self-efficacy on smoking reduction." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 20(7): 531-547.

Wilson, J. (2003). New Tobacco Study Finds Missouri Youth Playing With Fire. Some Missouri school children feel they “need a cigarette every day”, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services  (DHSS): 1.

Winkelstein, M. L., A. Tarzian, et al. (1997). "Motivation, social support, and knowledge of parents who smoking and who have children with asthma." Pediatric Nursing 23(6): 578-81.

Witte, K. (1992). "Putting the fear back into fear appeal: The extended parallel process model." Communication Monographs 59: 329-349.

Witte, K. (1992). "The role of threat and efficacy in AIDS prevention." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 12: 225-249.

Witte, K. (1993). "Message and conceptual confounds in fear appeals: The role of judgement methods." Southern Communication Journal 58: 147-155.

Witte, K. (1994). "Fear control and danger control: An empirical test of the Extended Parallel Process Model." Communication Monographs 61: 113-134.

Witte, K. (1995). Fishing for success: Using the persuasive health message framework to generate effective campaign messages. Designing health messages: Approaches from communication theory and public health practice. E. Maibach and R. Parrott. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage: 145-166.

Witte, K. (1995). Generating effective risk messages: how scary should your risk communication be? Communication yearbook. B. R. Burleson. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage. 18: 229-254.

Witte, K. (1998). Fear as motivator, fear as inhibitor: Using the Extended Parallel Process Model to explain fear appeal successes and failures. The handbook of communication and emotion: Research, theory, applications, and contexts. P. A. Anderson and L. K. Guerrero. San Diego, Academic Press: 423-450.

Witte, K. and M. Allen (2000). "When do scare tactics work? A meta-analysis of fear appeals." Health Education and Behavior 27: 608-632.

Witte, K., J. Berkowitz, et al. (1988). "Preventing the spread of genital warts: Using fear appeals to promote self-protective behaviors." Health Education and Behavior 25: 571-585.

Witte, K., J. Berkowitz, et al. (1998). "Radon awareness and reduction campaigns for African-Americans: A theoretically-based formative and summative evaluation." Health Education and Behavior 25: 284-303.

Witte, K., K. A. Cameron, et al. (1998). "Evaluating HIV/AIDS prevention programs according to theory: A field project along the Trans-Africa Highway in Kenya." Journal of Public Health Communication 4: 345-363.

Witte, K., K. A. Cameron, et al. (1996). "Predicting risk behaviors: Development and validation of a diagnostic scale." Journal of Health Communication 1: 317-341.

Witte, K., T. R. Perterson, et al. (1993). "Preventing tractor-related injuries and deaths in rural populations: Using a Persuasive Health Message (PHM) framework in formative evaluation research." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 13: 219-251.

Witte, K., D. Stokols, et al. (1993). "Testing the Health Belief Model in a field study to promote bicycle safety helmets." Communication Research 20: 564-586.

Wolfson, M., J. L. Forster, et al. (1997). "Public health briefs. Adolescent smokers' provision of tobacco to other adolescents." American Journal of Public Health 87(4): 649-51.

Wood, T. L. (2001). Biobehavioral Aspects of Adolescent Nicotine Dependence. Columbus, Ohio State University: 101.

Woodruff, S. I., C. C. Edwards, et al. (2001). "Pilot Test of an Internet Virtual World Chat Room for Rural Teen Smokers." Journal of Adolescent Health 29(4): 239-43.

Woodruff, S. I., J. F. Sallis, et al. (1997). "Effects on sex of subject and offerer on cigarette refusals among Latino youth." Psychology & Health 12(2): 161-9.

Worden, J. K., B. S. Flynn, et al. (1988). "Development of a smoking prevention mass media program using diagnositc and formative research." Preventive Medicine 17: 531-558.

World Health Organization (2000). "The WHO Cross-National Study on Health Behavior in School-Aged Children from 28 countries: Findings from the United States." Journal of School Health 70(6): 227-8.

World Health Organization, E. W. G. o. H. P. E. (1998). Health Promotion Evaluation: Recommendations to Policy-Makers: Report of the WHO European Working Group on Health Promotion Evaluation. Copenhagen, Denmark, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe.

Yabrough, C. R., G. T. Cameron, et al. (1998). "Tough Calls to Make: Contingency Theory and The Contennial Olympic Games." Journal of Communication Management 8(1).

Yagil, D. (2001). "Reasoned action and irrational motives: A prediction of drivers' intention to violate traffic laws." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 31(4): 720-740.

Yanovitzky, I. and C. Bennett (1999). "Media attention, institutional response, and health behavior change." Communication Research 26(4): 429-453.

Yates, J. F. and E. R. Stone (1992). The risk construct. Risk-taking behavior. J. F. Yates. Chichester, England, Wiley: 1-25.

Zhang, J., Q. Qiu, et al. (2003). Contingency Approach to International Dispute Resolution: A Case Study. International Communication Association, San Diego.

Zimmerman, R. S. and D. Vernberg (1994). "Models of preventive health behavior: Comparison, critique, and meta-analysis." Advances in Medical Sociology 4: 45-67.

Zuckerman, M. (1979). Sensation seeking and risk-taking. Emotions in personality and psychopathology. C. E. Izard. New York, Plenum: 163-197.

Zuckerman, M. (1979). Sensation seeking: Beyond the optimal level of arousal. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum.

Zuckerman, M. (1994). Behavioral expressions and biosocial bases of sensation seeking. New York, Cambridge University Press.

Zuckerman, M. (1994). Impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking: The biological foundations of a basic dimension of personality. Temperament: Individual differences at the interface of biology and behavior. J. E. Bates and T. D. Wachs. Washington, D. C., American Psychological Association.

Zuckerman, M. and M. Kuhlman (2000). "Personality and risk-taking: Common biosocial factors." Journal of personality 68(6): 999-1029.

	Printer-Friendly			E-Mail It!			Add to Favorites